Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : 101-500
Exam Name : LPIC-1 exam 101
Vendor Name : LPI
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101-500 exam Format | 101-500 Course Contents | 101-500 Course Outline | 101-500 exam Syllabus | 101-500 exam Objectives
Course Outline: LPIC-101 Certified Linux Administrator
This course prepares students to take the 101 exam of the LPI level 1 certification. The
Linux Professional Institute (LPI) is the go to certification body for vendor independent
Linux certifications. This course covers fundamental Linux skills such as file
management and manipulation, text processing, command line use, package
management, filesystems, hardware, and many more. Students will feel confident
taking the LPI LPIC-1 101 exam with in classroom exams and practice exams.
Module 1: Work on the command line
Role of command shell
Shells
Gathering system info
Identifying the shell
Changing the shell
Shell prompts
Bash: bourne-again shell
Navigating the filesystem
Help from commands and documentation
Getting help within the graphical desktop
Getting help with man $ info
Bash: command line history
Bash: command editing
Bash: command completion
Shell and environment variables
Key environment variables Lab tasks
Help with commands
Linux shells
Shell variables
Bash history
Aliases
Module 2: Use streams, pipes, and redirects
File redirection
Piping commands together
Filename matching
File globbing and wildcard patterns
Brace expansion
General quoting rules
Nesting commands
Gotchas: maximum command length
Lab tasks
Redirection and pipes
Wildcard file matching
Shell meta-characters
Command substitution
Module 3: Manage file permissions and ownership
Filesystem hierarchy standard
Displaying directory contents
Filesystem structures
Determining disk usage with df and du
File ownership
Default group ownership
File and directory permissions
File creation permissions with umask
Changing file permissions
Suid and sgid on files
Sgid and sticky bit on directories
User private group scheme
Lab tasks
Navigating directories and listing files
Disk and filesystem usage
File and directory ownership and permissions
Module 4: Create, delete, find, and display files
Directory manipulation
File manipulation
Deleting and creating files
Physical unix file structure
Filesystem links
File extensions and content
Which and type
Whereis
Searching the filesystem
Alternate search method
Manually installed shared libraries
Lab tasks
Manipulating files and directories
Module 5: Work with archives and compression
Archives with tar
Archives with cpio
The gzip compression utility
The bzip2 compression utility
The xz compression utility
The pkzip archiving/compression format
Lab tasks
Archiving and compression
Using tar for backups
Using cpio for backups
Module 6: Process text streams using filters
Producing file statistics
The streaming editor
Replacing text characters
Text sorting
Duplicate removal utility
Extracting columns of text
Displaying files
Prepare text for display
Previewing files
Displaying binary files
Combining files and merging text
Lab tasks
Text processing
Processing text streams
Module 7: Search text files using regular expressions
Searching inside files
Regular expression overview
Regular expressions
Re character classes
Regex quantifiers
Re parenthesis
Lab tasks
Pattern matching with regular expressions
Extended regular expressions
Using regular expressions with sed
Module 8: Perform basic file editing operations using vi
Text editing
Vi and vim
Learning vim
Basic vi
Intermediate vi
Lab tasks
Text editing with vim
Module 9: Create, monitor, and kill processes
What is a process=>
Process lifecycle
Process states
Viewing processes
Signals
Tools to send signals
Managing processes
Tuning process scheduling
Job control overview
Job control commands
Nohup and disown
Uptime
Persistent shell sessions with screen
Using screen
Advanced screen
Lab tasks
Job control basics
Process management basics
Screen basics
Using screen regions
Module 10: Use rpm, yum, and debian package management
Managing software
Rpm architecture
Working with rpms
Querying and verifying with rpm
Installing debian packages
Querying and verifying with dpkg
The alien package conversion tool
Managing software dependencies
Using the yum command
Yumdownloader
Configuring yum
The dselect $ apt frontends to dpkg
Aptitude
Configuring apt
Lab tasks
Working with rpms on ubuntu
Querying the rpm database
Module 11: Work with partitions, filesystems, and disk quotas
Partition considerations
Logical volume management
Filesystem planning
Partitioning disks with fdisk $ gdisk
Resizing a gpt partition with gdisk
Partitioning disks with parted
Filesystem creation
Filesystem support
Unix/linux filesystem features
Swap
Selecting a filesystem
Filesystem maintenance
Mounting filesystems
Mounting filesystems
Managing an xfs filesystem
Nfs
Smb
Filesystem table (/etc/fstab)
Configuring disk quotas
Setting quotas
Viewing and monitoring quotas
Lab tasks
Hot adding swap
Accessing nfs shares
Setting user quotas
Module 12: Linux boot process
Booting Linux on pcs
Grub 2
Grub 2 configuration
Grub legacy configuration
Boot parameters
Init
Linux runlevels aliases
Systemd local-fs.target and sysinit.target
Runlevel implementation
System boot method overview
Systemd system and service manager
Systemd targets
Using systemd
Shutdown and reboot
System messaging commands
Controlling system messaging
Lab tasks
Command line messaging
Messaging with talkd
Boot process
Grub command line
Basic grub security
Module 13: Determine and configure hardware settings
Managing Linux device files
Hardware discovery tools
Configuring new hardware with hwinfo
Pc architecture and bus
Dma $ irq
Usb devices
Usb configuration
Configuring kernel components and modules
Kernel modules
Handling module dependencies
Configuring the kernel via /proc/
Kernel hardware info – /sys/
/sys/ structure
Random numbers and /dev/random
Lab tasks
Adjusting kernel options
Module 14: linux fundamentals
Unix and its design principles
Fsf and gnu
Gpl – general public license
The linux kernel
Components of a distribution
Red hat linux products
Suse linux products
Debian
Ubuntu
Logging in
Got root=>
Switching user contexts
Gathering login session info
Lab tasks
Login and discovery
Switching users with su
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug