Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : 156-585
Exam Name : CheckPoint Certified Troubleshooting Expert (CCTE) 2024
Vendor Name : CheckPoint
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156-585 test Format | 156-585 Course Contents | 156-585 Course Outline | 156-585 test Syllabus | 156-585 test Objectives


Exam Specification: 156-585 CheckPoint Certified Troubleshooting Expert

Exam Name: 156-585 CheckPoint Certified Troubleshooting Expert
Exam Code: 156-585
Exam Duration: 90 minutes
Passing Score: 70%
Exam Format: Multiple-choice
Exam Delivery: Proctored online or at a testing center

Course Outline:

1. Introduction to CheckPoint Troubleshooting
- Overview of CheckPoint troubleshooting methodology
- Understanding the role of a CheckPoint Certified Troubleshooting Expert
- Exploring troubleshooting tools and resources

2. Network Security Concepts
- Understanding network security principles and technologies
- Identifying common network security threats and attacks
- Analyzing network security architectures and components

3. Troubleshooting CheckPoint Security Gateways
- Troubleshooting CheckPoint Security Gateway installation and configuration issues
- Resolving issues related to policy enforcement and traffic inspection
- Troubleshooting VPN connectivity and encryption-related problems

4. Troubleshooting CheckPoint Management Servers
- Identifying and resolving issues with CheckPoint Management Server installation and configuration
- Troubleshooting policy management and deployment issues
- Resolving issues related to user management and authentication

5. Troubleshooting Security Policies and Rule Base
- Analyzing and resolving issues with security policies and rule base
- Troubleshooting policy installation and policy verification problems
- Resolving issues related to policy optimization and rule performance

6. Troubleshooting Network Address Translation (NAT) and Port Forwarding
- Identifying and resolving issues with NAT configuration and translation
- Troubleshooting port forwarding and destination NAT issues
- Resolving issues related to NAT and port forwarding performance

7. Troubleshooting Site-to-Site VPN and Remote Access VPN
- Troubleshooting issues with site-to-site VPN tunnels and VPN gateways
- Resolving problems with remote access VPN connections and clients
- Analyzing and resolving VPN authentication and encryption-related issues

Exam Objectives:

1. Understand the CheckPoint troubleshooting methodology and tools.
2. Demonstrate knowledge of network security concepts and technologies.
3. Troubleshoot CheckPoint Security Gateway installation and configuration issues.
4. Resolve problems related to policy enforcement and traffic inspection.
5. Troubleshoot CheckPoint Management Server installation and configuration issues.
6. Resolve issues with policy management and deployment.
7. Analyze and troubleshoot security policies and rule base.
8. Resolve issues with Network Address Translation (NAT) and port forwarding.
9. Troubleshoot site-to-site VPN and remote access VPN connections.

Exam Syllabus:

Section 1: Introduction to CheckPoint Troubleshooting (10%)
- CheckPoint troubleshooting methodology
- Role of a CheckPoint Certified Troubleshooting Expert
- Troubleshooting tools and resources

Section 2: Network Security Concepts (15%)
- Network security principles and technologies
- Common network security threats and attacks
- Network security architectures and components

Section 3: Troubleshooting CheckPoint Security Gateways (20%)
- Security Gateway installation and configuration troubleshooting
- Policy enforcement and traffic inspection issues
- VPN connectivity and encryption troubleshooting

Section 4: Troubleshooting CheckPoint Management Servers (15%)
- Management Server installation and configuration troubleshooting
- Policy management and deployment issues
- User management and authentication troubleshooting

Section 5: Troubleshooting Security Policies and Rule Base (20%)
- Security policies and rule base troubleshooting
- Policy installation and verification problems
- Policy optimization and rule performance issues

Section 6: Troubleshooting Network Address Translation (NAT) and Port Forwarding (10%)
- NAT configuration and translation troubleshooting
- Port forwarding and destination NAT issues


- NAT and port forwarding performance troubleshooting

Section 7: Troubleshooting Site-to-Site VPN and Remote Access VPN (10%)
- Site-to-site VPN and VPN gateway troubleshooting
- Remote access VPN connection and client issues
- VPN authentication and encryption troubleshooting



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug