Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : 201
Exam Name : BIG-IP Administrator
Vendor Name : F5-Networks
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201 test Format | 201 Course Contents | 201 Course Outline | 201 test Syllabus | 201 test Objectives


This test is about network administrators, network operators, and network engineers a functional understanding of the BIG-IP system as it is commonly deployed in an application delivery network. The test introduces students to the BIG-IP system, its configuration objects, how it processes traffic, and how typical administrative and operational activities are performed. The test includes lecture, hands-on labs, interactive demonstrations, and discussions.



Exam Objectives



Describe the role of the BIG-IP system as a full proxy device in an application delivery network

Set up, start/restart/stop, license, and provision the BIG-IP system out-of-the-box

Create a basic network configuration on the BIG-IP system including VLANs and self IPs

Use the Configuration utility and TMSH to manage BIG-IP resources such as virtual servers, pools, pool members, nodes, profiles, and monitors

Create, restore from, and manage BIG-IP archives

View resource status, availability, and statistical information and use this information to determine how the BIG-IP system is currently processing traffic

Use profiles to manipulate the way the BIG-IP system processes traffic through a virtual server

Perform basic troubleshooting and problem determination activities including using the iHealth diagnostic tool

Support, and view traffic flow using TCPDUMP

Understand and manage user roles and partitions

Configure and manage a sync-failover device group with more than two members

Configure stateful failover using connection mirroring and persistence mirroring



Exam Contents



Getting started with the BIG-IP system

Traffic processing with BIG-IP Local Traffic Manager (LTM)

Using TMSH (TMOS Shell) command line interface

Using NATs and SNATs

Monitoring application health and managing object status

Modifying traffic behavior with profiles, including SSL offload and re-encryption

Modifying traffic behavior with persistence, including source address affinity and cookie persistence

Troubleshooting the BIG-IP system, including logging (local, high-speed, and legacy remote

logging), and using TCPDUMP

User roles and administrative partitions

vCMP concepts

Configuring high availability (including active/standby and connection and persistence mirroring)



Default admin/root accounts passwords are now expired by default on new installations. A discussion on this change of behavior is now available, and labs have been updated accordingly.

The Cookie persistence section and labs are no longer included in this exam. This content has been moved to the Configuring LTM curriculum.

A new chapter, Configuring and Managing a High Availability Environment (formerly in the Configuring LTM class) is now included in this exam.

The iRules chapter has been removed from this exam.



Setting Up the BIG-IP System



Introducing the BIG-IP System

Initially Setting Up the BIG-IP System

Configuring the Management Interface

Activating the Software License

Provisioning Modules and Resources

Importing a Device Certificate

Specifying BIG-IP Platform Properties

Configuring the Network

Configuring Network Time Protocol (NTP) Servers

Configuring Domain Name System (DNS) Settings

Configuring High Availability Options

Archiving the BIG-IP Configuration

Leveraging F5 Support Resources and Tools


Traffic Processing Building Blocks



Identifying BIG-IP Traffic Processing Objects

Configuring Virtual Servers and Pools

Load Balancing Traffic

Viewing Module Statistics and Logs

Using the Traffic Management Shell (TMSH)

Understanding the TMSH Hierarchical Structure

Navigating the TMSH Hierarchy

Managing BIG-IP Configuration State and Files

BIG-IP System Configuration State

Loading and Saving the System Configuration

Shutting Down and Restarting the BIG-IP System

Saving and Replicating Configuration Data (UCS and SCF)


Using NATs and SNATs



Address Translation on the BIG-IP System

Mapping IP Addresses with NATs

Solving Routing Issues with SNATs

Configuring SNAT Auto Map on a Virtual Server

Monitoring for and Mitigating Port Exhaustion



Monitoring Application Health



Introducing Monitors

Types of Monitors

Monitor Interval and Timeout Settings

Configuring Monitors

Assigning Monitors to Resources

Managing Pool, Pool Member, and Node Status

Using the Network Map



Modifying Traffic Behavior with Profiles



Introducing Profiles

Understanding Profile Types and Dependencies

Configuring and Assigning Profiles

Introducing SSL Offload and SSL Re-Encryption

Managing Object State



Modifying Traffic Behavior with Persistence



Understanding the Need for Persistence

Introducing Source Address Affinity Persistence

Managing Object State



Administering the BIG-IP System



Configuring Logging

Legacy Remote Logging

Introducing High Speed Logging (HSL)

High-Speed Logging Filters

HSL Configuration Objects

Configuring High Speed Logging

Using TCPDUMP on the BIG-IP System

Leveraging the BIG-IP iHealth System

Viewing BIG-IP System Statistics

Defining User Roles and Administrative Partitions

Leveraging vCMP



Configuring High Availability



Introducing Device Service Clustering (DSC)

Preparing to Deploy a DSC Configuration

Configuring DSC Communication Settings

Establishing Device Trust

Establishing a Sync-Failover Device Group

Synchronizing Configuration Data

Exploring Traffic Group Behavior

Understanding Failover Managers and Triggers

Achieving Stateful Failover with Mirroring



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug