Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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LPI 303-200 : LPIC-3 test 303: Security, version 2.0 - 2024 Practice Tests

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Exam Number : 303-200
Exam Name : LPIC-3 test 303: Security, version 2.0 - 2024
Vendor Name : LPI
Update : Click Here to Check Latest Update
Question Bank : Check Questions

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303-200 test Format | 303-200 Course Contents | 303-200 Course Outline | 303-200 test Syllabus | 303-200 test Objectives

Exam Title :
LPIC-3 Security

Exam ID :
303-200

Exam Duration :
90 mins

Questions in test :
60

Passing Score :
500 / 800

Exam Center :
LPI Marketplace

Real Questions :
LPI LPIC-3 Real Questions

VCE practice questions :
LPI 303-200 Certification VCE Practice Test

Topic 325: Cryptography

325.1 X.509 Certificates and Public Key Infrastructures

Weight: 5

Description: Candidates should understand X.509 certificates and public key infrastructures. They should know how to configure and use OpenSSL to implement certification authorities and issue SSL certificates for various purposes.
Key Knowledge Areas:

- Understand X.509 certificates, X.509 certificate lifecycle, X.509 certificate fields and X.509v3 certificate extensions

- Understand trust chains and public key infrastructures

- Generate and manage public and private keys

- Create, operate and secure a certification authority

- Request, sign and manage server and client certificates

- Revoke certificates and certification authorities

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

- openssl, including relevant subcommands

- OpenSSL configuration

- PEM, DER, PKCS

- CSR

- CRL

- OCSP

325.2 X.509 Certificates for Encryption, Signing and Authentication

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should know how to use X.509 certificates for both server and client authentication. Candidates should be able to implement user and server authentication for Apache HTTPD. The version of Apache HTTPD covered is 2.4 or higher.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Understand SSL, TLS and protocol versions

- Understand common transport layer security threats, for example Man-in-the-Middle

- Configure Apache HTTPD with mod_ssl to provide HTTPS service, including SNI and HSTS

- Configure Apache HTTPD with mod_ssl to authenticate users using certificates

- Configure Apache HTTPD with mod_ssl to provide OCSP stapling

- Use OpenSSL for SSL/TLS client and server tests

Terms and Utilities:

- Intermediate certification authorities

- Cipher configuration (no cipher-specific knowledge)

- httpd.conf

- mod_ssl

- openssl

325.3 Encrypted File Systems

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to setup and configure encrypted file systems.
Key Knowledge Areas:

- Understand block device and file system encryption

- Use dm-crypt with LUKS to encrypt block devices

- Use eCryptfs to encrypt file systems, including home directories

- PAM integration

- Be aware of plain dm-crypt and EncFS

Terms and Utilities:

- cryptsetup

- cryptmount

- /etc/crypttab

- ecryptfsd

- ecryptfs-* commands

- mount.ecryptfs, umount.ecryptfs

- pam_ecryptfs

325.4 DNS and Cryptography

Weight: 5

Description: Candidates should have experience and knowledge of cryptography in the context of DNS and its implementation using BIND. The version of BIND covered is 9.7 or higher.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Understanding of DNSSEC and DANE

- Configure and troubleshoot BIND as an authoritative name server serving DNSSEC secured zones

- Configure BIND as an recursive name server that performs DNSSEC validation on behalf of its clients

- Key Signing Key, Zone Signing Key, Key Tag

- Key generation, key storage, key management and key rollover

- Maintenance and re-signing of zones

- Use DANE to publish X.509 certificate information in DNS

- Use TSIG for secure communication with BIND

Terms and Utilities:

- DNS, EDNS, Zones, Resource Records

- DNS resource records: DS, DNSKEY, RRSIG, NSEC, NSEC3, NSEC3PARAM, TLSA

- DO-Bit, AD-Bit

- TSIG

- named.conf

- dnssec-keygen

- dnssec-signzone

- dnssec-settime

- dnssec-dsfromkey

- rndc

- dig

- delv

- openssl

Topic 326: Host Security

326.1 Host Hardening

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to secure computers running Linux against common threats. This includes kernel and software configuration.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Configure BIOS and boot loader (GRUB 2) security

- Disable useless software and services

- Use sysctl for security related kernel configuration, particularly ASLR, Exec-Shield and IP / ICMP configuration

- Exec-Shield and IP / ICMP configuration

- Limit resource usage

- Work with chroot environments

- Drop unnecessary capabilities

- Be aware of the security advantages of virtualization

Terms and Utilities:

- grub.cfg

- chkconfig, systemctl

- ulimit

- /etc/security/limits.conf

- pam_limits.so

- chroot

- sysctl

- /etc/sysctl.conf

326.2 Host Intrusion Detection

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be familiar with the use and configuration of common host intrusion detection software. This includes updates and maintenance as well as automated host scans.
Key Knowledge Areas:

- Use and configure the Linux Audit system

- Use chkrootkit

- Use and configure rkhunter, including updates

- Use Linux Malware Detect

- Automate host scans using cron

- Configure and use AIDE, including rule management

- Be aware of OpenSCAP

Terms and Utilities:

- auditd

- auditctl

- ausearch, aureport

- auditd.conf

- auditd.rules

- pam_tty_audit.so

- chkrootkit

- rkhunter

- /etc/rkhunter.conf

- maldet

- conf.maldet

- aide

- /etc/aide/aide.conf

326.3 User Management and Authentication

Weight: 5

Description: Candidates should be familiar with management and authentication of user accounts. This includes configuration and use of NSS, PAM, SSSD and Kerberos for both local and remote directories and authentication mechanisms as well as enforcing a password policy.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Understand and configure NSS

- Understand and configure PAM

- Enforce password complexity policies and periodic password changes

- Lock accounts automatically after failed login attempts

- Configure and use SSSD

- Configure NSS and PAM for use with SSSD

- Configure SSSD authentication against Active Directory, IPA, LDAP, Kerberos and local domains

- Kerberos and local domains

- Obtain and manage Kerberos tickets

Terms and Utilities:

- nsswitch.conf

- /etc/login.defs

- pam_cracklib.so

- chage

- pam_tally.so, pam_tally2.so

- faillog

- pam_sss.so

- sssd

- sssd.conf

- sss_* commands

- krb5.conf

- kinit, klist, kdestroy

326.4 FreeIPA Installation and Samba Integration

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be familiar with FreeIPA v4.x. This includes installation and maintenance of a server instance with a FreeIPA domain as well as integration of FreeIPA with Active Directory.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Understand FreeIPA, including its architecture and components

- Understand system and configuration prerequisites for installing FreeIPA

- Install and manage a FreeIPA server and domain

- Understand and configure Active Directory replication and Kerberos cross-realm trusts

- Be aware of sudo, autofs, SSH and SELinux integration in FreeIPA
Terms and Utilities:

- 389 Directory Server, MIT Kerberos, Dogtag Certificate System, NTP, DNS, SSSD, certmonger

- ipa, including relevant subcommands

- ipa-server-install, ipa-client-install, ipa-replica-install

- ipa-replica-prepare, ipa-replica-manage

Topic 327: Access Control

327.1 Discretionary Access Control

Weight: 3
Description: Candidates are required to understand Discretionary Access Control and know how to implement it using Access Control Lists. Additionally, candidates are required to understand and know how to use Extended Attributes.
Key Knowledge Areas:

- Understand and manage file ownership and permissions, including SUID and SGID

- Understand and manage access control lists

- Understand and manage extended attributes and attribute classes

Terms and Utilities:

- getfacl

- setfacl

- getfattr

- setfattr

327.2 Mandatory Access Control

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be familiar with Mandatory Access Control systems for Linux. Specifically, candidates should have a thorough knowledge of SELinux. Also, candidates should be aware of other Mandatory Access Control systems for Linux. This includes major features of these systems but not configuration and use.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Understand the concepts of TE, RBAC, MAC and DAC

- Configure, manage and use SELinux

- Be aware of AppArmor and Smack

Terms and Utilities:

- getenforce, setenforce, selinuxenabled

- getsebool, setsebool, togglesebool

- fixfiles, restorecon, setfiles

- newrole, runcon

- semanage

- sestatus, seinfo

- apol

- seaudit, seaudit-report, audit2why, audit2allow

- /etc/selinux/*

327.3 Network File Systems

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should have experience and knowledge of security issues in use and configuration of NFSv4 clients and servers as well as CIFS client services. Earlier versions of NFS are not required knowledge.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Understand NFSv4 security issues and improvements

- Configure NFSv4 server and clients

- Understand and configure NFSv4 authentication mechanisms (LIPKEY, SPKM, Kerberos)

- Understand and use NFSv4 pseudo file system

- Understand and use NFSv4 ACLs

- Configure CIFS clients

- Understand and use CIFS Unix Extensions

- Understand and configure CIFS security modes (NTLM, Kerberos)

- Understand and manage mapping and handling of CIFS ACLs and SIDs in a Linux system

Terms and Utilities:

- /etc/exports

- /etc/idmap.conf

- nfs4acl

- mount.cifs parameters related to ownership, permissions and security modes

- winbind

- getcifsacl, setcifsacl

Topic 328: Network Security

328.1 Network Hardening

Weight: 4
Description: Candidates should be able to secure networks against common threats. This includes verification of the effectiveness of security measures.
Key Knowledge Areas:

- Configure FreeRADIUS to authenticate network nodes

- Use nmap to scan networks and hosts, including different scan methods

- Use Wireshark to analyze network traffic, including filters and statistics

- Identify and deal with rogue router advertisements and DHCP messages
Terms and Utilities:

- radiusd

- radmin

- radtest, radclient

- radlast, radwho

- radiusd.conf

- /etc/raddb/*

- nmap

- wireshark

- tshark

- tcpdump

- ndpmon

328.2 Network Intrusion Detection

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be familiar with the use and configuration of network security scanning, network monitoring and network intrusion detection software. This includes updating and maintaining the security scanners.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Implement bandwidth usage monitoring

- Configure and use Snort, including rule management

- Configure and use OpenVAS, including NASL

Terms and Utilities:

- ntop

- Cacti

- snort

- snort-stat

- /etc/snort/*

- openvas-adduser, openvas-rmuser

- openvas-nvt-sync

- openvassd

- openvas-mkcert

- /etc/openvas/*

328.3 Packet Filtering

Weight: 5
Description: Candidates should be familiar with the use and configuration of packet filters. This includes netfilter, iptables and ip6tables as well as basic knowledge of nftables, nft and ebtables.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Understand common firewall architectures, including DMZ

- Understand and use netfilter, iptables and ip6tables, including standard modules, tests and targets

- Implement packet filtering for both IPv4 and IPv6

- Implement connection tracking and network address translation

- Define IP sets and use them in netfilter rules

- Have basic knowledge of nftables and nft

- Have basic knowledge of ebtables

- Be aware of conntrackd

Terms and Utilities:

- iptables

- ip6tables

- iptables-save, iptables-restore

- ip6tables-save, ip6tables-restore

- ipset

- nft

- ebtables

328.4 Virtual Private Networks

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be familiar with the use of OpenVPN and IPsec.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Configure and operate OpenVPN server and clients for both bridged and routed VPN networks

- Configure and operate IPsec server and clients for routed VPN networks using IPsec-Tools / racoon

- Awareness of L2TP
Terms and Utilities:

- /etc/openvpn/*

- openvpn server and client

- setkey

- /etc/ipsec-tools.conf

- /etc/racoon/racoon.conf

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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

Betriebsunterbrechung
Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
Mehrkosten
Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
Cyber-Erpressung
Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
Ersatz-IT-Hardware
Cyber-Betrug

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Cyber-Kosten:

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

Latest 2024 Updated LPI LPIC-3 test 303: Security, version 2.0 - 2024 Syllabus
303-200 question bank with Premium PDF and Test Engine

Practice Tests and Free VCE Software - Questions Updated on Daily Basis
Big Discount / Cheapest price & 100% Pass Guarantee