Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : AZ-400
Exam Name : Microsoft Azure DevOps Solutions
Vendor Name : Microsoft
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AZ-400 test Format | AZ-400 Course Contents | AZ-400 Course Outline | AZ-400 test Syllabus | AZ-400 test Objectives
Design a DevOps strategy (20-25%)
Recommend a migration and consolidation strategy for DevOps tools
analyze existing artifact (e.g., deployment packages, NuGet, Maven, npm) and container repositories
analyze existing test management tools
analyze existing work management tools
recommend migration and integration strategies for artifact repositories, source control, test management, and work management
Design and implement an Agile work management approach
identify and recommend project metrics, KPIs, and DevOps measurements (e.g., cycle time, lead time, WIP limit)
implement tools and processes to support Agile work management
mentor team members on Agile techniques and practices
recommend an organization structure that supports scaling Agile practices
recommend in-team and cross-team collaboration mechanisms
Design a quality strategy
analyze existing quality environment
identify and recommend quality metrics
recommend a strategy for feature flag lifecycle
recommend a strategy for measuring and managing technical debt
recommend changes to team structure to optimize quality
recommend performance testing strategy
Design a secure development process
inspect and validate code base for compliance
inspect and validate infrastructure for compliance
recommend a secure development strategy
recommend tools and practices to integrate code security validation (e.g., static code analysis)
recommend tools and practices to integrate infrastructure security validation
Design a tool integration strategy
design a license management strategy (e.g., VSTS users, concurrent pipelines, test environments, open source software licensing, third-party DevOps tools and services, package management licensing)
design a strategy for end-to-end traceability from work items to working software
design a strategy for integrating monitoring and feedback to development teams
design an authentication and access strategy
design a strategy for integrating on-premises and cloud resources
Implement DevOps development processes (20-25%)
Design a version control strategy
recommend branching models
recommend version control systems
recommend code flow strategy
Implement and integrate source control
integrate external source control
integrate source control into third-party continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD) systems
Implement and manage build infrastructure
implement private and hosted agents
integrate third party build systems
recommend strategy for concurrent pipelines
manage Azure pipeline configuration (e.g., agent queues, service endpoints, pools, webhooks)
Implement code flow
implement pull request strategies
implement branch and fork strategies
configure branch policies
Implement a mobile DevOps strategy
manage mobile target device sets and distribution groups
manage target UI test device sets
provision tester devices for deployment
create public and private distribution groups
Managing application configuration and secrets
implement a secure and compliant development process
implement general (non-secret) configuration data
manage secrets, tokens, and certificates
implement applications configurations (e.g., Web App, Azure Kubernetes Service, containers)
implement secrets management (e.g., Web App, Azure Kubernetes Service, containers, Azure Key Vault)
implement tools for managing security and compliance in the pipeline
Implement continuous integration (10-15%)
Manage code quality and security policies
monitor code quality
configure build to report on code coverage
manage automated test quality
manage test suites and categories
monitor quality of tests
integrate security analysis tools (e.g., SonarQube, White Source Bolt, Open Web
Application Security Project)
Implement a container build strategy
create deployable images (e.g., Docker, Hub, Azure Container Registry)
analyze and integrate Docker multi-stage builds
Implement a build strategy
design build triggers, tools, integrations, and workflow
implement a hybrid build process
implement multi-agent builds
recommend build tools and configuration (e.g. Azure Pipelines, Jenkins)
set up an automated build workflow
Implement continuous delivery (10-15%)
Design a release strategy
recommend release tools
identify and recommend release approvals and gates
recommend strategy for measuring quality of release and release process
recommend strategy for release notes and documentation
select appropriate deployment pattern
Set up a release management workflow
automate inspection of health signals for release approvals by using release gates
configure automated integration and functional test execution
create a release pipeline (e.g., Azure Kubernetes Service, Service Fabric, WebApp)
create multi-phase release pipelines
integrate secrets with release pipeline
provision and configure environments
manage and modularize tasks and templates (e.g., task and variable groups)
Implement an appropriate deployment pattern
implement blue-green deployments
implement canary deployments
implement progressive exposure deployments
scale a release pipeline to deploy to multiple endpoints (e.g., deployment groups, Azure Kubernetes Service, Service Fabric)
Implement dependency management (5-10%)
Design a dependency management strategy
recommend artifact management tools and practices (Azure Artifacts, npm, Maven, Nuget)
abstract common packages to enable sharing and reuse
inspect codebase to identify code dependencies that can be converted to packages
identify and recommend standardized package types and versions across the solution
refactor existing build pipelines to implement version strategy that publishes packages
Manage security and compliance
inspect open source software packages for security and license compliance to align with corporate standards (e.g., GPLv3)
configure build pipeline to access package security and license rating (e.g., Black Duck, White Source)
configure secure access to package feeds
Implement application infrastructure (15-20%)
Design an infrastructure and configuration management strategy
analyze existing and future hosting infrastructure
analyze existing Infrastructure as Code (IaC) technologies
design a strategy for managing technical debt on templates
design a strategy for using transient infrastructure for parts of a delivery lifecycle
design a strategy to mitigate infrastructure state drift
Implement Infrastructure as Code (IaC)
create nested resource templates
manage secrets in resource templates
provision Azure resources
recommend an Infrastructure as Code (IaC) strategy
recommend appropriate technologies for configuration management (e.g., ARM
Templates, Terraform, Chef, Puppet, Ansible)
Manage Azure Kubernetes Service infrastructure
provision Azure Kubernetes Service (e.g., using ARM templates, CLI)
create deployment file for publishing to Azure Kubernetes Service (e.g., kubectl, Helm)
develop a scaling plan
Implement infrastructure compliance and security
implement compliance and security scanning
prevent drift by using configuration management tools
automate configuration management by using PowerShell Desired State Configuration (DSC)
automate configuration management by using a VM Agent with custom script extensions
set up an automated pipeline to inspect security and compliance
Implement continuous feedback (10-15%)
Recommend and design system feedback mechanisms
design practices to measure end-user satisfaction (e.g., Send a Smile, app analytics)
design processes to capture and analyze user feedback from external sources (e.g., Twitter, Reddit, Help Desk)
design routing for client application crash report data
recommend monitoring tools and technologies
recommend system and feature usage tracking tools
Implement process for routing system feedback to development teams
configure crash report integration for client applications
develop monitoring and status dashboards
implement routing for client application crash report data
implement tools to track system usage, feature usage, and flow
integrate and configure ticketing systems with development team's work management
system (e.g., IT Service Management connector, ServiceNow Cloud Management, App Insights work items)
Optimize feedback mechanisms
analyze alerts to establish a baseline
analyze telemetry to establish a baseline
perform live site reviews and capture feedback for system outages
perform ongoing tuning to reduce meaningless or non-actionable alerts
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug