Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : CPM
Exam Name : NARM Certified Professional Midwife 2025
Vendor Name : Medical
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CPM test Format | CPM Course Contents | CPM Course Outline | CPM test Syllabus | CPM test Objectives
Exam Details:
- Number of Questions: The number of questions in the CPM (Certified Professional Midwife) test may vary depending on the certifying organization. Typically, the test consists of multiple-choice questions, and the exact number can range from 150 to 250 questions.
- Time: The duration of the test can also vary depending on the organization. Generally, candidates are given a set time limit to complete the exam, which can range from 3 to 5 hours. It is advisable to refer to the specific guidelines provided by the certifying organization for accurate information regarding the test duration.
Course Outline:
The CPM certification program is designed to assess the knowledge and skills required to practice as a professional midwife. While the specific course outline may vary depending on the certifying organization, the following subjects are typically covered:
1. Midwifery Philosophy and Principles:
- History and philosophy of midwifery
- The role and responsibilities of a certified professional midwife
- Legal and ethical considerations in midwifery practice
2. Pregnancy and Prenatal Care:
- Anatomy and physiology of pregnancy
- Prenatal exams and screenings
- Antenatal care and education for expectant parents
3. Intrapartum Care and Delivery:
- Stages of labor and childbirth
- Monitoring maternal and fetal well-being during labor
- Techniques for supporting natural childbirth and managing complications
4. Postpartum Care:
- Postpartum physiological changes and recovery
- Breastfeeding support and education
- Newborn care and exams
5. Newborn Care and Neonatal Resuscitation:
- Neonatal test and resuscitation techniques
- Newborn screening and immunizations
- Common newborn conditions and interventions
6. Complications and Emergency Situations:
- Recognition and management of obstetric emergencies
- Complications during labor and birth
- Communication and collaboration with healthcare professionals in emergency situations
7. Professional Practice and Ethics:
- Professional standards and guidelines for midwifery practice
- Business and legal aspects of a midwifery practice
- Cultural competency and sensitivity in providing care
Exam Objectives:
The objectives of the CPM test typically include:
1. Assessing Knowledge: Evaluate the candidate's understanding of midwifery principles, practices, and essential knowledge areas.
2. Testing Clinical Skills: Assess the candidate's ability to apply theoretical knowledge to clinical scenarios and make appropriate decisions in various aspects of midwifery care.
3. Evaluating Critical Thinking: Assess the candidate's critical thinking skills in evaluating evidence, problem-solving, and making sound clinical judgments in midwifery practice.
4. Certifying Midwifery Competencies: Provide a recognized certification for individuals who demonstrate the knowledge, skills, and competencies required to practice as a certified professional midwife.
Exam Syllabus:
The specific test syllabus for the CPM may vary depending on the certifying organization. However, the following subjects are typically included:
1. Midwifery Philosophy and Principles:
- History and philosophy of midwifery
- Midwifery models of care
- Legal and ethical considerations in midwifery practice
2. Anatomy and Physiology:
- Female reproductive system
- Fetal development and physiology
- Physiological changes during pregnancy, labor, and postpartum
3. Prenatal Care:
- Prenatal exams and screenings
- Nutrition and exercise during pregnancy
- Education and counseling for expectant parents
4. Intrapartum Care:
- Stages of labor and childbirth
- Comfort measures and pain management techniques
- Monitoring maternal
and fetal well-being during labor
5. Postpartum Care:
- Postpartum physiological changes and recovery
- Breastfeeding support and education
- Newborn care and exams
6. Newborn Care:
- Newborn test and examinations
- Common newborn conditions and interventions
- Neonatal resuscitation techniques
7. Complications and Emergency Situations:
- Obstetric emergencies and management
- Complications during labor and birth
- Communication and collaboration with healthcare professionals in emergency situations
8. Professional Practice:
- Professional standards and guidelines for midwifery practice
- Business aspects of a midwifery practice
- Cultural competency and sensitivity in providing care
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug