Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : DCA
Exam Name : Docker Certified Associate
Vendor Name : Misc
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Exam ID : DCA
Exam Title : Docker Certified Associate
Questions : 55
Duration : 90 minutes
Exam Type : multiple choice
Recognition for your Docker skills with an official Docker credential
Digital certificate and use of the Docker Certified Associate logo
Online verification of Docker Certified status by potential employers
Exclusive access to the Docker Certified professional network on LinkedIn and invites to certified-only events
55 multiple choice questions in 90 minutes
Designed to validate professionals with a minimum of 6 to 12 months of Docker experience
Remotely proctored on your Windows or Mac computer
Available globally in English
Results delivered immediately
This examination is based upon critical job activities a Docker Certified Associate performs. The skills and
knowledge certified by this examination represent a level of expertise where a certified Docker Associate
can:
● Run containerized applications from pre-existing images stored in a centralized registry
● Deploy images across the cluster
● Triage and resolve issue reports from stakeholders and resolve
● Standup up on Enterprise clusters with one UCP manager, one DTR replica, and one worker node
● Migrate traditional applications to containers
● Configure and troubleshoot Docker engine
● Perform general maintenance and configuration
Candidates for this certification should have at least six months to one year of experience with Docker, including
exposure to the Docker Enterprise Edition. The knowledge, skills and experience required at this level should also
include:
● container security
● experience with at least one cloud provider
● configuration management tools
● Linux and/or Windows Server
Orchestration 25%
Image Creation, Management, and Registry 20%
Installation and Configuration 15%
Networking 15%
Security 15%
Storage and Volumes 10%
Domain 1: Orchestration (25% of exam)
Content may include the following:
● Complete the setup of a swarm mode cluster, with managers and worker nodes
● Describe and demonstrate how to extend the instructions to run individual containers into running services under swarm.
● Describe the importance of quorum in a swarm cluster.
● Describe the difference between running a container and running a service.
● Interpret the output of “docker inspect” commands.
● Convert an application deployment into a stack file using a YAML compose file with "docker stack deploy"
● Manipulate a running stack of services.
● Describe and demonstrate orchestration activities.
● Increase the number of replicas.
● Add networks, publish ports.
● Mount volumes.
● Describe and demonstrate how to run replicated and global services.
● Apply node labels to demonstrate placement of tasks.
● Describe and demonstrate how to use templates with “docker service create”.
● Identify the steps needed to troubleshoot a service not deploying.
● Describe how a Dockerized application communicates with legacy systems.
● Describe how to deploy containerized workloads as Kubernetes pods and deployments.
● Describe how to provide configuration to Kubernetes pods using configMaps and secrets.
Domain 2: Image Creation, Management, and Registry (20% of exam)
Content may include the following:
● Describe the use of Dockerfile.
● Describe options, such as add, copy, volumes, expose, entry point.
● Identify and display the main parts of a Dockerfile.
● Describe and demonstrate how to create an efficient image via a Dockerfile.
● Describe and demonstrate how to use CLI commands to manage images, such as list, delete, prune, rmi.
● Describe and demonstrate how to inspect images and report specific attributes using filter and format
● Describe and demonstrate how to tag an image.
● Describe and demonstrate how to apply a file to create a Docker image.
● Describe and demonstrate how to display layers of a Docker image
● Describe and demonstrate how to modify an image to a single layer.
● Describe and demonstrate registry functions.
● Deploy a registry.
● Log into a registry.
● Utilize search in a registry.
● Push an image to a registry.
● Sign an image in a registry.
● Pull and delete images from a registry.
Domain 3: Installation and Configuration (15% of exam)
Content may include the following:
● Describe sizing requirements for installation.
● Describe and demonstrate the setup of repo, selection of a storage driver, and installation of the Docker engine on multiple platforms.
● Describe and demonstrate configuration of logging drivers (splunk, journald, etc.).
● Describe and demonstrate how to set up swarm, configure managers, add nodes, and setup the backup schedule.
● Describe and demonstrate how to create and manage user and teams.
● Describe and demonstrate how to configure the Docker daemon to start on boot.
● Describe and demonstrate how to use certificate-based client-server authentication to ensure a Docker daemon has the rights to access images on a registry.
● Describe the use of namespaces, cgroups, and certificate configuration.
● Describe and interpret errors to troubleshoot installation issues without assistance.
● Describe and demonstrate the steps to deploy the Docker engine, UCP, and DTR on AWS and on-premises in an HA configuration.
● Describe and demonstrate how to configure backups for UCP and DTR.
Domain 4: Networking (15% of exam)
Content may include the following:
● Describe the Container Network Model and how it interfaces with the Docker engine and network and IPAM drivers.
● Describe the different types and use cases for the built-in network drivers.
● Describe the types of traffic that flow between the Docker engine, registry and UCP controllers.
● Describe and demonstrate how to create a Docker bridge network for developers to use for their containers.
● Describe and demonstrate how to publish a port so that an application is accessible externally.
● Identify which IP and port a container is externally accessible on.
● Compare and contrast “host” and “ingress” publishing modes.
● Describe and demonstrate how to configure Docker to use external DNS.
● Describe and demonstrate how to use Docker to load balance HTTP/HTTPs traffic to an application (Configure L7 load balancing with Docker EE).
● Understand and describe the types of traffic that flow between the Docker engine, registry, and UCP controllers
● Describe and demonstrate how to deploy a service on a Docker overlay network.
● Describe and demonstrate how to troubleshoot container and engine logs to resolve connectivity issues between containers.
● Describe how to route traffic to Kubernetes pods using ClusterIP and NodePort services.
● Describe the Kubertnetes container network model.
Domain 5: Security (15% of exam)
Content may include the following:
● Describe security administration and tasks.
● Describe the process of signing an image.
● Describe default engine security.
● Describe swarm default security.
● Describe MTLS.
● Describe identity roles.
● Compare and contrast UCP workers and managers.
● Describe the process to use external certificates with UCP and DTR.
● Describe and demonstrate that an image passes a security scan.
● Describe and demonstrate how to enable Docker Content Trust.
● Describe and demonstrate how to configure RBAC with UCP.
● Describe and demonstrate how to integrate UCP with LDAP/AD.
● Describe and demonstrate how to create UCP client bundles.
Domain 6: Storage and Volumes (10% of exam)
Content may include the following:
● Identify the correct graph drivers to uses with various operating systems.
● Describe and demonstrate how to configure devicemapper.
● Compare and contrast object and block storage and when they should be used.
● Describe how an application is composed of layers and where these layers reside on the filesystem.
● Describe the use of volumes are used with Docker for persistent storage.
● Identify the steps to take to clean up unused images on a filesystem and DTR.
● Describe and demonstrate how storage can be used across cluster nodes.
● Describe how to provision persistent storage to a Kubernetes pod using persistentVolumes.
● Describe the relationship between container storage interface drivers, storageClass, persistentVolumeClaim and volume objects in Kubernetes.
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug