Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
Wo erhalte ich vollständige Informationen über EPPP?
Nachfolgend finden Sie alle Details zu Übungstests, Dumps und aktuellen Fragen der EPPP: Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology Prüfung.
2024 Updated Actual EPPP questions as experienced in Test Center
Aktuelle EPPP Fragen aus echten Tests von Killexams.com - easy finanz | easyfinanz
E html>Medical EPPP : test for Professional Practice of Psychology Practice TestsPractice Tests Organized by Martha nods |
Latest 2024 Updated Medical test for Professional Practice of Psychology Syllabus
EPPP dumps questions with Premium PDF and Test Engine
Practice Tests and Free VCE Software - Questions Updated on Daily Basis
Big Discount / Cheapest price & 100% Pass Guarantee
EPPP dumps questions : Download 100% Free EPPP practice tests (PDF and VCE)
Exam Number : EPPP
Exam Name : Exam for Professional Practice of Psychology
Vendor Name : Medical
Update : Click Here to Check Latest Update
Question Bank : Check Questions
Real Questions and boot camp for EPPP exam
At killexams.com, they offer you the opportunity to download 100% free EPPP Free PDF to test before registering for the full version. Use their EPPP test simulator to experience the real EPPP Study Guides. Passing the EPPP test will become much easier for you. They also offer three months of free updates for EPPP Exam for Professional Practice of Psychology test questions.
If you are determined to pass the Medical EPPP test and secure a highly paid position, consider registering at killexams.com. Many professionals are actively gathering actual EPPP test questions, which you can access for your preparation. You will receive Exam for Professional Practice of Psychology test questions that certain you to pass the EPPP exam, and every time you download, they will be updated with 100% free of charge. While there are other companies that offer EPPP Mock Exam, the legitimacy and up-to-date nature of EPPP Latest Questions is a significant concern. To avoid wasting your time and effort, it's best to go to killexams.com instead of relying on free EPPP Premium Questions and Ans on the internet.
The primary objective of killexams.com is to help you understand the EPPP course outline, syllabus, and objectives, allowing you to pass the Medical EPPP exam. Simply memorizing and memorizing the EPPP course book is insufficient. You also need to learn about difficult and tricky scenarios and questions that may appear in the actual EPPP exam. Thus, you should go to killexams.com and download free EPPP PDF demo questions to read. Once you are satisfied with the Exam for Professional Practice of Psychology questions, you can register for the full version of EPPP Test Prep at a very attractive promotional discount. To take a step closer to success in the Exam for Professional Practice of Psychology exam, download and install EPPP VCE test simulator on your computer or smartphone. Memorize EPPP Premium Questions and Ans and frequently take practice tests using the VCE test simulator. When you feel confident and ready for the actual EPPP exam, go to the Exam Center and register for the actual test.
Passing the real Medical EPPP test is challenging if you only rely on EPPP textbooks or free Exam Questions on the internet. There are numerous scenarios and tricky questions that can confuse and surprise candidates during the EPPP exam. That's where killexams.com comes in with its collection of actual EPPP PDF Download in the form of Premium Questions and Ans and VCE test simulator. Before registering for the full version of EPPP Exam Questions, you can download the 100% free EPPP Latest Questions. You will be pleased with the quality and excellent service provided by killexams.com. Don't forget to take advantage of the special discount coupons available.
EPPP test Format | EPPP Course Contents | EPPP Course Outline | EPPP test Syllabus | EPPP test Objectives
The test for Professional Practice in Psychology
(EPPP) is developed and owned by the Association of
State and Provincial Psychology Boards (ASPPB). The EPPP
is provided to state and provincial boards of psychology to
assist them in their evaluation of the qualifications of
applicants for licensure and certification. This
standardized knowledge-based examination is
constructed by ASPPB with the assistance of its test
vendor, Pearson VUE. The EPPP is continuously
administered in a computerized delivery format through
the Pearson VUE network of computer testing centers.
State and provincial psychology boards acting collectively
through ASPPB provide support for the testing format.
Pearson VUE maintains a network of more than 275
Pearson Professional Centers (PPCs) in the United States
and Canada in order to provide access to computer-based
testing (CBT) for candidates.
The resources of individual psychologists, ASPPB and its
test vendor are used in the ongoing development of and
improvements to the EPPP. These combined resources are
greater than those available to any individual psychology
licensing. The EPPP is only one part of the evaluation
procedures used by state and provincial boards to
determine candidates readiness to practice the
profession of psychology. Most boards supplement the
EPPP with other requirements and/or exam
procedures. The EPPP is intended to evaluate the
knowledge that the most exact practice analysis has
determined as foundational to the competent practice of
psychology. Most candidates taking the EPPP have
obtained a doctoral degree in psychology, a year of predoctoral supervised experience and appropriate
postdoctoral experience. Candidates are expected to have
acquired a broad basic knowledge of psychology,
regardless of individual areas of concentration. This
knowledge, and the candidates ability to apply it, are
assessed through the candidates responses to objective,
multiple-choice questions that are representative of the
field at large. The average pass-rate for doctoral level
candidates who are taking the test for the first time
exceeds 80% in the most exact demo years.
Regardless of the jurisdiction, in order to sit for the
EPPP, individuals seeking licensure must first apply for
licensure to the licensing authority in the state,
province or territory in which they wish to be licensed.
The licensing authority reviews applicants credentials
and determines if they meet the requirements
established in the laws of the state, province or
territory.
Candidates who meet their licensing authorities
requirements will be pre-approved by the board to take
the EPPP. The board will enter the candidates
identifying information into an online EPPP registration
system that will enable the candidate to logon and
verify her/his account, and that gives access to the
application materials. Candidates will be sent two
consecutive emails, the 1st advising them that their
licensing authority has uploaded their information into
the system, and the 2nd with information for them to
verify their account and begin the registration process.
Candidates will not be able to log into the
registration system until their licensing authority has
uploaded their information. Candidates must contact
their board to advise that they are ready to test and
need to be uploaded to the EPPP registration system.
Candidates may test at any authorized Pearson VUE
center that administers the EPPP, regardless of the
jurisdiction where they are applying for licensure.
Candidates must arrive 30 minutes prior to their
scheduled appointment. Please Note: Candidates must
have a currently valid, government-issued photo ID
(e.g., passport, drivers license, etc.), as well as another
piece of identification imprinted with their name and
containing a signature or exact photo (e.g., credit card,
CPR card, etc.). The first and last name on both forms
of ID must match the name on the Authorization to
Test email.
Prior to taking the EPPP, candidates will be asked to
read and acknowledge their review of the Candidate
Acknowledgment Statement. Please note that the
Candidate Acknowledgement Statement contains
important rules for taking the EPPP and should be read
in its entirety before acknowledging that it has been
read.
The EPPP is administered under standardized conditions
in accordance with procedures established by Pearson
VUE for all their testing centers.
• Candidates taking the EPPP are allowed:
o 5 minutes to agree to the terms of the
Candidate Acknowledgement Statement (If
you do not agree to the terms within the 5-
minute timeframe, the test will be
canceled and cannot be reset),
o 5 minutes for completion of the tutorial,
o 4 hours and 15 minutes for completion of
the EPPP and 5 minutes at the end of the test allotted
to complete a brief survey.
• Candidates with documented disabilities or
impairments, who wish to be tested under
nonstandard conditions, please see the section
regarding “Special Accommodations” on page 7.
There are no scheduled breaks during the Exam.
Candidates may take breaks whenever they wish;
however, the clock on the time allotted for the Exam
will continue to run.
Pearson Professional Centers are built to standard
specifications and vary primarily on the basis of size.
Private modular workstations provide ample workspace,
comfortable seating, and proper lighting. Proctors
monitor the testing process through an observation
window and from within the testing room. Parabolic
mirrors mounted on the walls assist proctors in
observing the testing process. All testing sessions are
videotaped and audio-monitored, and a digitized image
of all candidates taking the EPPP will be retained.
Computer knowledge is not required to take a
computerized examination. Before the examination
begins, a basic introductory lesson (tutorial) is
presented that explains the process of selecting answers
and moving from question to question. Candidates have
5 minutes to complete the tutorial, and are strongly
encouraged to review it carefully.
Candidates may select their answers using either the
keyboard or the mouse. During the tutorial, candidates
will learn how they can skip forward or backward
through the EPPP to review questions. Candidates
should be sure they understand how to review
questions when they take the tutorial.
The testing software contains a feature that allows
candidates to flag questions they might wish to review
later, if time permits. Any question can be flagged,
regardless of whether it has been left blank or
answered, and will be scored even if it is still marked
upon completion of the Exam.
Candidates are encouraged to take notes during the
tutorial on whiteboards that can be supplied by the
testing center upon request. They are not automatically
supplied. Testing center staff will collect whiteboards at
the completion of the Exam. Candidates are not
allowed to bring their own scratch paper or writing
instruments into the testing room.
Please Note: There might be some distractions in the
testing situation because:
• Other candidates may be taking exams that require
narrative responses, and there may be keyboard
noise.
• Proctors will be entering the testing room on a
regular basis to observe activity and to seat other
candidates or answer inquiries.
• Other minor distractions might include ambient
noise from outside the testing room.
If a candidate is concerned that these kinds of
distractions will affect test performance, he or she
may request earplugs and/or noise cancelling
headphones after arriving at the testing center. This
does not require pre-approval. Candidates are not
allowed to bring their own earplugs into the testing
room.
The total number of correct responses determines a
candidates score. Therefore, it is to the candidates
advantage to answer every item, even when uncertain
of the correct response. The candidate should choose
the single best answer to each item.
Killexams Review | Reputation | Testimonials | Feedback
Where will I locate practice tests for the EPPP exam?
I was excited to discover that the braindump for the EPPP test had been updated. The changes were new and unexpected, but I found them helpful after recently taking my first EPPP exam. I plan to order the updated material soon.
I found accurate materials for actual updated EPPP practice tests.
As a working mother with limited time, I needed specific materials to prepare for the EPPP exam. Killexams.com VCE test aide was the perfect selection for me. The material was well-prepared, green, and easy to understand. I scored 97% after only a two-week preparation period. I am grateful to my parents for their support and to killexams.com for their materials.
I was surprised to read the EPPP Practice Tests!
After my successful experience with killexams.com, I decided to use their services for all my future tests. Their study material was concise and easy to understand, with short answers that were helpful for memorization. However, I was concerned about covering all the material within three weeks. Nonetheless, their quick reference guide was helpful and ensured that I was well-prepared for my exam.
Where can I locate EPPP VCE test questions?
I want to express my gratitude to killexams.com for their role in my success in achieving my EPPP certification. I passed with flying colors, and I am now a certified professional.
What are the core Topics in the updated EPPP exam?
Thanks to killexams.com's practice test, I managed to pass the EPPP exam. I'm grateful for this and take this opportunity to thank them once again. The Questions and Answers and test simulator were both supportive and detailed. I highly recommend this website for certification exams.
Medical test Test Prep
EPPP Exam
User: Sitka***** I purchased the eppp instruction package from Killexams.com, and it was exactly as they had promised. I had no issues during the exam, and the whole experience was smooth and hassle-free. Thanks to their resources, I passed the test with ease. I am grateful for their commitment to providing the best possible test experience. |
User: Viktoria***** I am grateful to killexams.com for providing such an excellent dumps questions that supported me in achieving a score of 78% in the EPPP exam. The preparation material was comprehensive and accurate, enabling me to pass the test with confidence. |
User: Venera***** I have taken many eppp certification tests in the past, but eppp was the easiest thanks to Killexams.com. I wish I had discovered this site a few years ago as it would have saved me many sleepless nights and a lot of stress. The eppp test is not an easy one, especially the latest version, but Killexams.com Questions and Answers are updated daily and were right on point. I am certain that their material helped me score higher on my exam. |
User: Tassiana***** With only a week remaining until my EPPP exam, I was not confident that I would pass. However, I decided to switch to killexams.com Questions and Answers for my test preparation. To my surprise, the subjects I had previously found challenging were now more enjoyable to study, thanks to the smooth and concise way of getting to the important factors. Thanks to killexams.com Questions and Answers, I never thought that I would pass my exam, but I did, and I did so with flying colors. |
User: Maxine***** The precise answers in the Medical EPPP test were not hard to recall. The information provided by Killexams.com Questions and Answers was truly impressive, and I made all the right replies in the exam. I completed the test preparation in just 12 days, thanks to the simple presentation style of the study material without any lengthy answers or complex explanations. |
EPPP Exam
Question: I want an answer of question to be verified, How can I do it? Answer: You can contact support and provide a reference of your username and the question number and ask for confirmation of answer. Their team will send the question to the certification team. They will review and let you know the detail of the answer. |
Question: Where am I able to find Free EPPP test questions? Answer: When you visit the killexams EPPP test page, you will be able to download EPPP free questions questions. You can also go to https://killexams.com/demo-download/EPPP.pdf to download EPPP demo questions. After review visit and register to download the complete dumps questions of EPPP test test prep. These EPPP test questions are taken from actual test sources, that's why these EPPP test questions are sufficient to read and pass the exam. Although you can use other sources also for improvement of knowledge like textbooks and other aid material these EPPP questions are enough to pass the exam. |
Question: Does Killexams guarantees its contents will help me in actual test? Answer: Yes, killexams ensures your success with up-to-date and valid EPPP test test prep and the best test simulator for practice. If you memorize all the Questions and Answers provided by killexams, you will surely pass your exam. |
Question: Where am I able to download EPPP updated dumps? Answer: You can download up-to-date EPPP questions at Killexams. Killexams recommend these EPPP questions to memorize before you go for the actual test because this EPPP dumps questions contains to date and 100% valid EPPP dumps questions with the new syllabus. Killexams has provided the shortest EPPP questions for busy people to pass EPPP test without memorizing massive course books. If you go through these EPPP questions, you are more than ready to take the test. They recommend taking your time to study and practice EPPP VCE test until you are sure that you can answer all the questions that will be asked in the actual EPPP exam. For a full version of EPPP test prep, visit killexams.com and register to download the complete dumps questions of EPPP test test prep. These EPPP test questions are taken from actual test sources, that's why these EPPP test questions are sufficient to read and pass the exam. Although you can use other sources also for improvement of knowledge like textbooks and other aid material these EPPP questions are sufficient to pass the exam. |
Question: Do you recommend me to use this great source of the laACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS? Answer: Yes, they highly recommend these EPPP questions to memorize before you go for the actual test because this EPPP dumps questions contains to date and 100% valid EPPP dumps questions with a new syllabus. |
https://www.pass4surez.com/art/read.php?keyword=Medical+Exam+Test+Prep&lang=us&links=remove
Whilst it is very hard task to choose reliable test Questions and Answers resources regarding review, reputation and validity because people get ripoff due to choosing incorrect service. Killexams make it sure to provide its clients far better to their resources with respect to ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS update and validity. Most of other peoples ripoff report complaint clients come to us for the brain dumps and pass their exams enjoyably and easily. They never compromise on their review, reputation and quality because killexams review, killexams reputation and killexams client self confidence is important to all of us. Specially they manage killexams.com review, killexams.com reputation, killexams.com ripoff report complaint, killexams.com trust, killexams.com validity, killexams.com report and killexams scam. If perhaps you see any bogus report posted by their competitor with the name killexams ripoff report complaint internet, killexams.com ripoff report, killexams.com scam, killexams.com complaint or something like this, just keep in mind that there are always bad people damaging reputation of good services due to their benefits. There are a large number of satisfied customers that pass their exams using killexams.com brain dumps, killexams PDF questions, killexams practice questions, killexams test simulator. Visit their test questions and demo brain dumps, their test simulator and you will definitely know that killexams.com is the best brain dumps site.
Which is the best practice tests website?
Absolutely yes, Killexams is hundred percent legit as well as fully efficient. There are several includes that makes killexams.com realistic and legitimate. It provides current and hundred percent valid test questions that contains real exams questions and answers. Price is suprisingly low as compared to almost all the services online. The Questions and Answers are up-to-date on typical basis along with most exact questions. Killexams account launched and products delivery can be quite fast. Data downloading is unlimited and intensely fast. Help is avaiable via Livechat and E mail. These are the characteristics that makes killexams.com a robust website that supply test prep with real exams questions.
Is killexams.com test material dependable?
There are several Questions and Answers provider in the market claiming that they provide actual test Questions, Braindumps, Practice Tests, Study Guides, cheat sheet and many other names, but most of them are re-sellers that do not update their contents frequently. Killexams.com is best website of Year 2024 that understands the issue candidates face when they spend their time studying obsolete contents taken from free pdf download sites or reseller sites. Thats why killexams.com update test Questions and Answers with the same frequency as they are updated in Real Test. test questions provided by killexams.com are Reliable, Up-to-date and validated by Certified Professionals. They maintain dumps questions of valid Questions that is kept up-to-date by checking update on daily basis.
If you want to Pass your test Fast with improvement in your knowledge about latest course contents and Topics of new syllabus, They recommend to download PDF test Questions from killexams.com and get ready for actual exam. When you feel that you should register for Premium Version, Just choose visit killexams.com and register, you will receive your Username/Password in your Email within 5 to 10 minutes. All the future updates and changes in Questions and Answers will be provided in your download Account. You can download Premium VCE test files as many times as you want, There is no limit.
Killexams.com has provided VCE VCE test Software to Practice your test by Taking Test Frequently. It asks the Real test Questions and Marks Your Progress. You can take test as many times as you want. There is no limit. It will make your test prep very fast and effective. When you start getting 100% Marks with complete Pool of Questions, you will be ready to take actual Test. Go register for Test in Exam Center and Enjoy your Success.
CLF-C01 practice questions | DSA-C02 free pdf | AZ-700 pdf questions | C1000-170 cram | DNCB-DNC pdf download | DEPC mock questions | ISSEP free prep | 2B0-101 practice test | ABFM test prep | E20-365 Questions and Answers | H12-223 online test | DEA-1TT5 practice questions | Salesforce-Certified-B2C-Commerce-Developer VCE | S90.18A boot camp | ARA01 free practice tests | ACA-BIGDATA1 mock test | JN0-1302 mock test | BCP-710 free test papers | C1000-155 bootcamp | 9L0-827 test questions |
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology Real test Questions
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology exam
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology outline
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology tricks
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology testing
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology Study Guide
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology test questions
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology test syllabus
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology actual Questions
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology answers
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology PDF Download
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology test Questions
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology Free PDF
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology PDF questions
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology test contents
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology study tips
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology tricks
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology test success
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology questions
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology information search
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology study help
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology information source
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology book
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology answers
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology premium pdf
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology test syllabus
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology PDF questions
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology information source
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology information search
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology certification
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology Questions and Answers
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology study help
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology PDF questions
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology outline
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology test Questions
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology Practice Questions
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology practice tests
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology test
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology testprep
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology teaching
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology test
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology information hunger
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology test syllabus
EPPP - Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology techniques
Other Medical Practice Tests
AACD mock questions | CCP pass marks | AHM-540 test results | COMLEX-USA practical test | NPTE demo questions | BMAT test questions | GP-MCQS free test practice | INBDE test prep | CDCA-ADEX free pdf | NAPLEX test tips | CNSC test prep | NCCT-TSC practice test | DTR questions and answers | MHAP model question | DANB test Questions | PRA-CPRP test prep | DHORT certification sample | VACC Free test PDF | CVPM examcollection | ACLS test questions |
Best practice tests You Ever Experienced
FNCB-GFN-C model question | C1000-153 pdf questions | E20-365 test questions | VCS-325 test questions | 050-696 free test practice | DEE-1111 practice questions | FOCP practice questions | GB0-191-ENU practice exam | BMAT test Questions | ATA02 examcollection | PR000007 mock test | IOS-158 practice exam | VA-002-P Study Guide | CRT-450 test sample | NS0-520 Latest Questions | CKA test answers | Salesforce-Financial-Services-Cloud Real test Questions | CSQE Practice Questions | OG0-092 question test | 630-008 pdf exam |
References :
https://killexams-posting.dropmark.com/817438/23543905
https://www.instapaper.com/read/1320132860
https://arfansaleemfan.blogspot.com/2020/09/eppp-examination-for-professional.html
https://www.coursehero.com/file/73162179/Examination-for-Professional-Practice-of-Psychology-EPPPpdf/
https://sites.google.com/view/killexams-eppp-latest-question
https://drp.mk/i/0jDZm7x8WL
http://feeds.feedburner.com/feedburner/jmTf
https://files.fm/f/t48a6dbyz
Similar Websites :
Pass4sure Certification test Practice Tests
Pass4Sure Certification Question Bank
EPPP Reviews by Customers
Customer Reviews help to evaluate the exam performance in real test. Here all the reviews, reputation, success stories and ripoff reports provided.
100% Valid and Up to Date EPPP Exam Questions
We hereby announce with the collaboration of world's leader in Certification Exam Dumps and Real Exam Questions with Practice Tests that, we offer Real Exam Questions of thousands of Certification Exams Free PDF with up to date VCE exam simulator Software.
Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug