Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : HCE-5710
Exam Name : Hitachi Data Systems Certified Expert - Replication solutions implementation
Vendor Name : Hitachi
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HCE-5710 exam Format | HCE-5710 Course Contents | HCE-5710 Course Outline | HCE-5710 exam Syllabus | HCE-5710 exam Objectives
Exam Name : Replication Solutions Implementation Expert
Exam Number : HCE-5710 Replication Solutions Implementation
Exam Duration : 90 minutes
Questions in exam : 60
Passing Score : 70%
Exam Registration : PEARSON VUE
Real Questions : Hitachi Vantara HCE-5710 Real Questions
VCE practice exam : Hitachi Vantara Certified Expert - Replication Solutions Implementation Practice Test
Section Objectives Replication principles and fundamentals - Describe the features of synchronous remote replication.
- Describe the features of asynchronous remote replication.
- Demonstrate how clusters integrate with replication.
- Describe when to use Hitachi Thin Image vs. Hitachi ShadowImage in a replication solution. Understanding replication solutions - Identify anticipated outage causes and the appropriate protection.
- Describe the key elements of the customer environment that need to be taken into consideration when deploying a replication solution.
- Describe how replication solutions are deployed within a tiered storage infrastructure. Pre-deployment checks - Identify the required checks to be carried out prior to deploying a replication solution.
- Describe configuration, infrastructure and bandwidth requirements for remote replication solutions.
- Describe configuration requirements for in-system replication solutions. Hitachi replication common concepts - Describe how command devices are set up and used.
- Describe how to manage replication pairs.
- Describe how RAID manager/command control interface (CCI) is configured and used.
- Describe the purpose of having consistency groups and explain their benefits.
- Describe the differences between a CCI device group and a consistency group. Implementing Hitachi Universal Replicator - Describe the characteristics of a replication solution that uses Hitachi Universal Replicator software.
- Describe how to configure Hitachi Universal Replicator links between Hitachi storage systems.
- Describe the key steps to set up and configure a Hitachi Universal Replicator solution.
- Describe the requirements and the restrictions relating to mapping and pairing P-VOLs and S-VOLs for Hitachi Universal Replicator.
- Describe the purpose and the usage of RAID Manager/CCI commands with Hitachi Universal Replicator. Implementing Hitachi Thin Image - Describe the key steps to set up and configure a Hitachi Thin Image solution.
- Describe the requirements and the restrictions relating to mapping and pairing P-VOLs and V-VOLs for Hitachi Thin Image.
- Describe the purpose and the usage of RAID Manager/CCI commands with Hitachi Thin Image. Implementing Hitachi ShadowImage - Describe the characteristics of a replication solution that uses Hitachi ShadowImage software.
- Describe the key steps to set up and configure a Hitachi ShadowImage solution.
- Describe the requirements and the restrictions relating to mapping and pairing P-VOLs and S-VOLs for Hitachi ShadowImage.
- Describe the purpose and the usage of RAID Manager/CCI commands with Hitachi ShadowImage. Implementing Hitachi TrueCopy - Describe the characteristics of a replication solution that uses Hitachi TrueCopy software.
- Describe the key steps to set up and configure a TrueCopy solution.
- Describe the requirements and the restrictions relating to mapping and pairing P-VOLs and S-VOLs for TrueCopy.
- Describe the purpose and the usage of RAID Manager/CCI commands with TrueCopy. Implementing global-active device - Describe the characteristics of a replication solution that uses global-active device.
- Describe the key steps to set up and configure a global-active device solution.
- Describe the purpose and the usage of RAID Manager/CCI commands with global-active device.
- Describe the I/O modes in a global-active device environment. Advanced replication implementation techniques - Demonstrate how to set up replication and describe operations in a tiered storage environment with Hitachi Universal Volume Manager software.
- Describe how replication solutions are deployed within Hitachi Dynamic Provisioning environments.
- Demonstrate how to set up replication and describe operations in a three data center (3DC) configuration. Replication with Hitachi Replication Manager software - Describe how Hitachi Replication Manager can be used with in-system replication.
- Describe how Hitachi Replication Manager can be used with remote replication.
- Describe how to integrate an existing HORCM configuration into Hitachi Replication Manager. Testing and troubleshooting replication solutions - Describe the steps required to fix a "HORCM failed to start" error.
- Describe how to specify the environment parameters.
- Describe methods of troubleshooting "paircreate" errors.
- Describe the various replication pair states.
- Describe which logs are available for troubleshooting and how to access them.
- Describe how to troubleshoot in a global-active device environment.
- Describe how to troubleshoot mounting problems in replication environments.
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug