Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

Wo erhalte ich vollständige Informationen über NCEES-FE?

Nachfolgend finden Sie alle Details zu Übungstests, Dumps und aktuellen Fragen der NCEES-FE: NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 Prüfung.

2025 Updated Actual NCEES-FE questions as experienced in Test Center

Aktuelle NCEES-FE Fragen aus echten Tests von Killexams.com - easy finanz | easyfinanz

NCEES NCEES-FE : NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 Practice Tests

Practice Tests Organized by Martin Hoax



Latest 2025 Updated NCEES NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 Syllabus
NCEES-FE question bank with Premium PDF and Test Engine

Practice Tests and Free VCE Software - Questions Updated on Daily Basis
Big Discount / Cheapest price & 100% Pass Guarantee




NCEES-FE question bank : Download 100% Free NCEES-FE practice exams (PDF and VCE)

Exam Number : NCEES-FE
Exam Name : NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025
Vendor Name : NCEES
Update : Click Here to Check Latest Update
Question Bank : Check Questions

If you memorize these NCEES-FE Premium Questions and Ans, you will get full marks.
Passing the NCEES-FE test alone is not sufficient for real performance in the field. You need adequate NCEES-FE information that will Strengthen your practical skills. They focus on enhancing your understanding of NCEES-FE goals by providing genuine NCEES-FE test questions and VCE practice tests.

We have a long list of successful candidates who have passed the NCEES-FE test with the help of their Questions and Answers. They are now working in prominent positions in their respective organizations and earning well. Their success is not just because they studied their NCEES-FE Real test Questions, but also because they have worked on their knowledge and expertise. They are able to work efficiently in a real-world environment as professionals. Their focus is not only on helping candidates pass the NCEES-FE test with their questions and answers, but also on improving their understanding of NCEES-FE concepts and objectives. This is how people achieve success.

To further assist you in your preparation, you can obtain the NCEES-FE Real test Questions PDF on any device and study the real NCEES-FE questions while on vacation or traveling. This will save you time and deliver you more opportunities to concentrate on NCEES-FE questions. Practice NCEES-FE Exam Questions using their VCE test simulator repeatedly until you score 100 percent. When you feel confident, you can head straight to the testing center for the real NCEES-FE test.







NCEES-FE test Format | NCEES-FE Course Contents | NCEES-FE Course Outline | NCEES-FE test Syllabus | NCEES-FE test Objectives


The FE test includes 110-questions.

The test appointment time is 6 hours long and includes

Nondisclosure agreement (2 minutes)Tutorial (8 minutes)

Exam (5 hours and 20 minutes)Scheduled break (25 minutes)



The Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) test is generally your first step in the process to becoming a professional licensed engineer (P.E.). It is designed for exact graduates and students who are close to finishing an undergraduate engineering degree from an EAC/ABET-accredited program. The FE test is a computer-based test administered year-round at NCEES-approved Pearson VUE test centers.



Reviewing the FE test specifications, fees, and requirementsReading the reference materialsUnderstanding scoring and reportingViewing the most up-to-date FE test pass rates
A $175 test fee is payable directly to NCEES. Some licensing boards may require you to file a separate application and pay an application fee as part of the approval process to qualify you for a seat for an NCEES exam. Your licensing board may have additional requirements. Special accommodations are available for examinees who meet certain eligibility criteria and sufficiently document their request.



1. Mathematics

A. Analytic geometry

B. Calculus

C. Roots of equations

D. Vector analysis

2. Probability and Statistics

A. Measures of central tendencies and dispersions (e.g., mean, mode, standard deviation)

B. Estimation for a single mean (e.g., point, confidence intervals)

C. Regression and curve fitting

D. Expected value (weighted average) in decision making

3. Computational Tools

A. Spreadsheet computations

B. Structured programming (e.g., if-then, loops, macros)

4. Ethics and Professional Practice

A. Codes of ethics (professional and technical societies)

B. Professional liability

C. Licensure

D. Sustainability and sustainable design

E. Professional skills (e.g., public policy, management, and business)

F. Contracts and contract law

5. Engineering Economics

A. Discounted cash flow (e.g., equivalence, PW, equivalent annual worth, FW, rate of return)

B. Cost (e.g., incremental, average, sunk, estimating)

C. Analyses (e.g., breakeven, benefit-cost, life cycle)

D. Uncertainty (e.g., expected value and risk)

6. Statics

A. Resultants of force systems

B. Equivalent force systems

C. Equilibrium of rigid bodies

D. Frames and trusses

E. Centroid of area

F. Area moments of inertia

G. Static friction

7. Dynamics

A. Kinematics (e.g., particles and rigid bodies)

B. Mass moments of inertia

C. Force acceleration (e.g., particles and rigid bodies)

D. Impulse momentum (e.g., particles and rigid bodies)

E. Work, energy, and power (e.g., particles and rigid bodies)

8. Mechanics of Materials

A. Shear and moment diagrams

B. Stresses and strains (e.g., axial, torsion, bending, shear, thermal)

C. Deformations (e.g., axial, torsion, bending, thermal)

D. Combined stresses

E. Principal stresses

F. Mohr's circle

G. Column analysis (e.g., buckling, boundary conditions)

H. Composite sections

I. Elastic and plastic deformations

J. Stress-strain diagrams

9. Materials

A. Mix design (e.g., concrete and asphalt)

B. Test methods and specifications (e.g., steel, concrete, aggregates, asphalt, wood)

C. Physical and mechanical properties of concrete, ferrous and nonferrous metals, masonry, wood, engineered materials (e.g., FRP, laminated lumber, wood/plastic composites), and asphalt

10. Fluid Mechanics

A. Flow measurement

B. Fluid properties

C. Fluid statics

D. Energy, impulse, and momentum equations

11. Hydraulics and Hydrologic Systems

A. Basic hydrology (e.g., infiltration, rainfall, runoff, detention, flood flows, watersheds)

B. Basic hydraulics (e.g., Manning equation, Bernoulli theorem, open-channel flow, pipe flow)

C. Pumping systems (water and wastewater)

D. Water distribution systems

E. Reservoirs (e.g., dams, routing, spillways)

F. Groundwater (e.g., flow, wells, drawdown)

G. Storm sewer collection systems

12. Structural Analysis

A. Analysis of forces in statically determinant beams, trusses, and frames

B. Deflection of statically determinant beams, trusses, and frames

C. Structural determinacy and stability analysis of beams, trusses, and frames

D. Loads and load paths (e.g., dead, live, lateral, influence lines and moving loads, tributary areas)

E. Elementary statically indeterminate structures

13. Structural Design

A. Design of steel components (e.g., codes and design philosophies, beams, columns, beam-columns, tension members, connections)

B. Design of reinforced concrete components (e.g., codes and design philosophies, beams, slabs, columns, walls, footings)

14. Geotechnical Engineering

A. Geology

B. Index properties and soil classifications

C. Phase relations (air-water-solid)

D. Laboratory and field tests

E. Effective stress (buoyancy)

F. Stability of retaining walls (e.g., active pressure/passive pressure)

G. Shear strength

H. Bearing capacity (cohesive and noncohesive)

I. Foundation types (e.g., spread footings, deep foundations, wall footings, mats)

J. Consolidation and differential settlement

K. Seepage/flow nets

L. Slope stability (e.g., fills, embankments, cuts, dams)

M. Soil stabilization (e.g., chemical additives, geosynthetics)

N. Drainage systems

O. Erosion control

15. Transportation Engineering

A. Geometric design of streets and highways

B. Geometric design of intersections

C. Pavement system design (e.g., thickness, subgrade, drainage, rehabilitation)

D. Traffic safety

E. Traffic capacity

F. Traffic flow theory

G. Traffic control devices

H. Transportation planning (e.g., travel forecast modeling)

16. Environmental Engineering

A. Water quality (ground and surface)

B. Basic tests (e.g., water, wastewater, air)

C. Environmental regulations

D. Water supply and treatment

E. Wastewater collection and treatment

17. Construction

A. Construction documents

B. Procurement methods (e.g., competitive bid, qualifications-based)

C. Project delivery methods (e.g., design-bid-build, design build, construction management, multiple prime)

D. Construction operations and methods (e.g., lifting, rigging, dewatering and pumping, equipment production, productivity analysis and improvement, temporary erosion control)

E. Project scheduling (e.g., CPM, allocation of resources)

F. Project management (e.g., owner/contractor/client relations)

G. Construction safety

H. Construction estimating

18. Surveying

A. Angles, distances, and trigonometry

B. Area computations

C. Earthwork and volume computations

D. Closure

E. Coordinate systems (e.g., state plane, latitude/longitude)

F. Leveling (e.g., differential, elevations, percent grades)



Killexams Review | Reputation | Testimonials | Feedback


It is a great idea to memorize these NCEES-FE test practice tests.
Killexams.com made the NCEES-FE test a pleasant experience for me. I passed the test with ease thanks to their resources.


Preparing for the NCEES-FE test requires memorizing the latest content for just a few hours now.
Enrolling in killexams.com was an opportunity for me to pass the NCEES-FE test and tackle its difficult questions. If it weren't for this website, I would not have been able to pass the exam. After failing once, I was shattered, but finding this website made the process much smoother.


No issue! 24 hours of preparation with NCEES-FE real test questions is sufficient.
I am proud to have passed my NCEES-FE exam, achieving a score of 89%, thanks to my studies with killexams.com. This was not just a simple pass but a great one, and I would proudly recommend this guide to anyone.


That was outstanding! I got real test questions for the NCEES-FE exam.
I can attest that killexams.com's materials work! I passed my NCEES-FE test last fall, and over 90% of the questions on the test were valid and similar to what I had studied using their resources. I appreciate that killexams.com updates their material regularly to ensure its accuracy. This top-notch organization has helped me more than once, and I look forward to using their services again in the future.


That was brilliant! I got practice exams for the NCEES-FE exam.
Killexams.com is an incredible asset for passing a test, as I discovered when I answered all the questions in the test with ease. I recommend everyone to use killexams.com for their test preparation. While I read several books, I failed to grasp the information. However, killexams.com's mock test helped me understand all of the issues correctly.


NCEES - PDF Questions

NCEES-FE Exam

User: Liam*****

Due to time constraints, I only had a week to prepare for the ncees-fe exam. I turned to killexams.com Questions and Answers, which contained concise responses, for quick reference. Thanks to their comprehensive material, my world changed for the better. The test Answers they provided were the best option for me given my limited time.
User: Diya*****

As a captain guides the delivery and a pilot steers the plane, Killexams.com acted as my guide and set me on the right course before my ncees-fe exam. Their instructions and guidance led me in the right direction and ultimately helped me achieve success in the exam. I will forever be grateful to this online Test Center for that moment of glory.
User: Abdallah*****

Joining Killexams.com was like embarking on the greatest adventure of my life. Using their online resources, I passed my NCEES-FE test and became the primary person in my business enterprise with this qualification. I was proud and happy, and I advise anyone preparing for the NCEES-FE test to deliver Killexams.com a fair chance.
User: Yury*****

I thought that passing the ncees-fe test would be difficult, but thanks to Killexams.com, I realized that it was not impossible. Killexams.com helped me regain my confidence and pass the exam, which I had been struggling with for a while. I hope to continue using Killexams.com study material for future exams.
User: Rodina*****

The training provided by killexams.com for the ncees-fe test was the best I have ever come across. I passed the ncees-fe test without any hassle or stress, thanks to killexams.com ncees-fe Questions. The questions were valid, and I heard from my friend that their refund guarantee works too. They do provide you with the money back in case you fail, but the best part is that they make it very easy to pass.

NCEES-FE Exam

Question: Is it sufficient to read these NCEES-FE test questions?
Answer: These NCEES-FE test questions are taken from real test sources, that's why these NCEES-FE test questions are sufficient to read and pass the exam. Although you can use other sources also for improvement of knowledge like textbooks and other aid material these NCEES-FE questions are sufficient to pass the exam.
Question: What happens if I fail the NCEES-FE exam?
Answer: First of all, if you read and memorize all NCEES-FE questions and practice with the VCE test simulator, you will surely pass your exam. But in case, you fail the test you can get the new test in replacement of the present test or refund. You can further check details at https://killexams.com/pass-guarantee
Question: Do I need actual questions of NCEES-FE test to read?
Answer: Yes, of course, You need actual questions to pass the NCEES-FE exam. These NCEES-FE test questions are taken from real test sources, that's why these NCEES-FE test questions are sufficient to read and pass the exam. Although you can use other sources also for improvement of knowledge like textbooks and other aid material these NCEES-FE questions are sufficient to pass the exam.
Question: How killexams delivers the exam?
Answer: Once you register at killexams.com by choosing your test and go through the payment process, you will receive an email with your username and password. You will use this username and password to enter in your MyAccount where you will see the links to click and obtain the test files. If you face any issue in obtain the test files from your member section, you can ask support to send the test questions files by email.
Question: Do I need to read and practice all the questions you provide?
Answer: Yes, you should read and practice all the questions provided by killexams. The benefit to read and practice all NCEES-FE test prep is to get to the point knowledge of test questions rather than going through huge NCEES-FE course books and contents. These questions contain real NCEES-FE questions and answers. By studying and understanding, complete question bank greatly improves your knowledge about the core subjects of NCEES-FE exam. It also covers the latest syllabus. These test questions are taken from NCEES-FE real test source, that's why these test questions are sufficient to read and pass the exam. Although you can use other sources also for improvement of knowledge like textbooks and other aid material these questions are sufficient to pass the exam.
NCEES+-+PDF+Questions
https://www.pass4surez.com/art/read.php?keyword=NCEES+-+PDF+Questions&lang=us&links=remove

Whilst it is very hard task to choose reliable test mock test resources regarding review, reputation and validity because people get ripoff due to choosing incorrect service. Killexams make it sure to provide its clients far better to their resources with respect to ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS update and validity. Most of other peoples ripoff report complaint clients come to us for the brain dumps and pass their exams enjoyably and easily. They never compromise on their review, reputation and quality because killexams review, killexams reputation and killexams client self confidence is important to all of us. Specially they manage killexams.com review, killexams.com reputation, killexams.com ripoff report complaint, killexams.com trust, killexams.com validity, killexams.com report and killexams scam. If perhaps you see any bogus report posted by their competitor with the name killexams ripoff report complaint internet, killexams.com ripoff report, killexams.com scam, killexams.com complaint or something like this, just keep in mind that there are always bad people damaging reputation of good services due to their benefits. There are a large number of satisfied customers that pass their exams using killexams.com brain dumps, killexams PDF questions, killexams practice questions, killexams test simulator. Visit their test questions and demo brain dumps, their test simulator and you will definitely know that killexams.com is the best brain dumps site.

Which is the best practice exams website?
Without a doubt, Killexams is hundred percent legit plus fully dependable. There are several options that makes killexams.com reliable and straight. It provides up to date and hundred percent valid test questions formulated with real exams questions and answers. Price is really low as compared to most of the services on internet. The mock test are kept up to date on normal basis using most exact questions. Killexams account set up and products delivery is rather fast. Report downloading is unlimited and fast. Help support is avaiable via Livechat and Email address. These are the features that makes killexams.com a sturdy website that include test prep with real exams questions.



Is killexams.com test material dependable?
There are several mock test provider in the market claiming that they provide real test Questions, Braindumps, Practice Tests, Study Guides, cheat sheet and many other names, but most of them are re-sellers that do not update their contents frequently. Killexams.com is best website of Year 2025 that understands the issue candidates face when they spend their time studying obsolete contents taken from free pdf obtain sites or reseller sites. Thats why killexams.com update test mock test with the same frequency as they are updated in Real Test. test questions provided by killexams.com are Reliable, Up-to-date and validated by Certified Professionals. They maintain question bank of valid Questions that is kept up-to-date by checking update on daily basis.

If you want to Pass your test Fast with improvement in your knowledge about latest course contents and subjects of new syllabus, They recommend to obtain PDF test Questions from killexams.com and get ready for real exam. When you feel that you should register for Premium Version, Just choose visit killexams.com and register, you will receive your Username/Password in your Email within 5 to 10 minutes. All the future updates and changes in mock test will be provided in your obtain Account. You can obtain Premium practice test files as many times as you want, There is no limit.

Killexams.com has provided VCE practice test Software to Practice your test by Taking Test Frequently. It asks the Real test Questions and Marks Your Progress. You can take test as many times as you want. There is no limit. It will make your test prep very fast and effective. When you start getting 100% Marks with complete Pool of Questions, you will be ready to take real Test. Go register for Test in Test Center and Enjoy your Success.




1T6-520 test demo | OG0-081 PDF Questions | ACE-A1.2 assessment test demo | ESPA-EST english test questions | COMLEX-USA obtain | ISEB-BA1 past exams | VCS-261 practical test | PCM free practice exams | LE0-641 mock test | ABWM-CWS free pdf | 1V0-31.21 test tips | PAL-I Practice Questions | 4A0-113 model question | Scrum-Master-Certified pdf questions | DHORT actual questions | CLF-C02 test cram | CV-BC questions answers | CHPPN practice test | PSM-I certification demo | FCBA online test |


NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 test Cram
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 PDF download
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 test success
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 Latest Topics
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 Premium PDF
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 study help
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 Test Prep
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 test syllabus
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 PDF download
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 course outline
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 techniques
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 premium pdf
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 study tips
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 learn
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 test contents
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 Questions and Answers
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 test format
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 learning
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 Questions and Answers
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 PDF download
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 syllabus
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 guide
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 testing
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 Study Guide
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 test cram
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 Question Bank
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 test Questions
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 teaching
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 outline
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 book
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 learn
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 PDF Questions
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 test success
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 information search
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 answers
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 Real test Questions
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 Free test PDF
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 answers
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 answers
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 test format
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 test Cram
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 information source
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 test
NCEES-FE - NCEES - FE Civil Engineering 2025 Study Guide

Other NCEES Practice Tests


NCEES-PE-Civil-Construction test sample | NCEES-PE-Civil-WRE free prep | NCEES-PE-Civil-Transportation practice exam | NCEES-PE-Civil-Structural demo test | NCEES-FE-Electrical-and-Computer mock exam | NCEES-PE-Civil-Geotechnical test answers | NCEES-FE practice exam | NCEES-PE-Electrical-and-Computer cbt |


Best practice exams You Ever Experienced


CPHRM test exam | CIMAPRA17-BA4-1-ENG study material | RCDDv14 Question Bank | 202-450 online exam | DP-300 free prep | EX0-115 bootcamp | SCNS-EN Practice Test | GPTS test prep | AMB-BC practice exam | Salesforce-Loyalty-Management mock questions | Salesforce-AI-Associate Latest Questions | PDI pdf study guide | MA0-103 test prep | C-EFM test tips | 1Y0-204 demo test questions | PSNCB-CPSN practice test | API-571 test Questions | HIO-301 practice exam | Servicenow-PR000370 PDF Download | Integration-Architecture-Designer practice exam |





References :


http://killexams-braindumps.blogspot.com/2020/06/taken-and-up-to-date-today-ncees-fe.html
https://killexams-posting.dropmark.com/817438/23625501
https://www.instapaper.com/read/1320742367
https://killexams-posting.dropmark.com/817438/23738407
https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=9877556&postID=110996362661470511&page=1&token=1595376962815
http://feeds.feedburner.com/Pass4sureHp0-068PracticeTestsWithRealQuestions
https://www.coursehero.com/file/76832420/NCEES-FE-Civil-Engineering-NCEES-FEpdf/
https://sites.google.com/view/killexams-ncees-fe-free-exam-p
https://killexams-ncees-fe.jimdofree.com/
https://files.fm/f/hdyc53p32



Similar Websites :
Pass4sure Certification test Practice Tests
Pass4Sure Certification Question Bank






Direct Download

NCEES-FE Reviews by Customers

Customer Reviews help to evaluate the exam performance in real test. Here all the reviews, reputation, success stories and ripoff reports provided.

NCEES-FE Reviews

100% Valid and Up to Date NCEES-FE Exam Questions

We hereby announce with the collaboration of world's leader in Certification Exam Dumps and Real Exam Questions with Practice Tests that, we offer Real Exam Questions of thousands of Certification Exams Free PDF with up to date VCE exam simulator Software.

Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug