Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : PSNCB-CANS
Exam Name : PSNCB Certified Aesthetic Nurse Specialist
Vendor Name : Nursing
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PSNCB-CANS exam Format | PSNCB-CANS Course Contents | PSNCB-CANS Course Outline | PSNCB-CANS exam Syllabus | PSNCB-CANS exam Objectives
- Neurotoxins
- Botox (Allergan)
- Dysport (Medicis)
- Xeomin (Merz)
- Dermal fillers
- Hyaluronic Acid
- Juvederm Ultra
- Juvederm Ultra XC
- Juvederm Ultra Plus
- Juvederm Ultra Plus XC (Allergan)
- Restylane
- Restylane-L
- Perlane
- Perlane-L (Medicis)
- Belotero (Merz)
- CAHA
- Radiesse (Merz)
- Bioactivators/biostimulator
- Sculptra (Valleant)
- Semi-permanent
- Artefill (Suneva)
- Sclerotherapy
- Sotradecol (Sodium tetradecyl sulfate)
- Asclera (Polidocanol) (Merz)
- Nonablative Laser, Light-based, and Energy-based Treatments
- IPL (500-1200 nm)
- Photodynamic therapy
- Vascular lasers (532-595 nm)
- Laser hair reduction (LHR)
- Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
- Non-ablative fractional resurfacing
- Infrared light skin tightening
- Radiofrequency (RF) skin tightening
- Ablative – Laser, fractional only
- CO2
- Erbium-Yag
- Ultrasound
- Skin tightening (Ulthera)
- Fat reduction (Liposonix)
- Cryolipolysis
- Topical products
- Sunscreens/Sunblocks
- Retinols/retinoic acid
- Antioxidants
- Lightening agents - hydroquinone
- Peptides (amino acids)
- Growth factors
- Alpha and Beta hydroxy acids
- Topical devices
- Blue light
- Chemical peels
- Superficial
- AHA
- BHA
- Jessner and modified Jessner
- Resorcinol
- TCA
- Medium
- TCA (10-40%)
- Pyruvic acid
- Mechanical Exfoliation
- Dermaplaning
- Microdermabrasion
- Cleansing devices
- Assess and Monitor Patient Status, Physical and Psychosocial
- Pre-Treatment
- Identify patient expectations.
- Determine if patients expectations are realistic.
- Perform health exam.
- Medical History
- look at autoimmune disease
– neurotoxin
- ALS
- Lambert
- Eaton
- Family history.
- Current medications and treatments.
- Allergies, history of anaphylaxis.
- Identify contraindications
- herpes cold sore
- inability to supply consent
- too young
- psychological issues
- infection at site
- medications that interfere with treatment
- skin condition
- latest sun exposure
- sunless tanning products on skin - for laser
- Assess and Monitor Patient Status, Physical and Psychosocial
- Pre-Treatment
- Perform health exam.
- Other considerations
- response to previous treatment
- previous surgeries or alterations to A&P
- nutrition
- lifestyle
- occupation
- physical activities
- smoking
- alcohol use
- pain tolerance
- bruising history
- upcoming social events
- Perform site-specific skin exam
- identification of skin type
- A&P
- symmetry
- Obtain pre-treatment photographs
- Assess patient's ability to maintain and follow-through with ongoing treatments.
- During Treatment
- Monitor patient safety/provider safety (e.g., laser safety/appropriate OSHA standards).
- Observe patient reactions to treatment.
- Assess patients comfort.
- Monitor physiological status
- medication reactions (allergic reactions)
- adverse treatment reactions (vascular compromise, tissue integrity)
- monitor for vasovagal response (fainting)
- Post-Treatment
- Assess patients knowledge and ability to manage on-going post-treatment care.
- Assess need for follow-up evaluation (on site, phone call, email).
- Assess patient outcome.
- Obtain post-treatment photographs.
- Pre-Treatment
- Develop individualized treatment plan including refinements or retreatments.
- Identify expected/desired outcomes of treatment.
- Identify issues/problems that require referral to other providers.
- Establish mutually-set goals with patient including optimal timing.
- Obtain appropriate informed consent.
- Prepare equipment, supplies, products, medications, environment (laser) and personnel (patient, provider, possible assistant) for treatment.
- During Treatment
- Administer medications (local anesthesia, dental blocks for fillers, topical anesthetics).
- Maintain infection control measures.
- Ensure safety of patient and staff throughout procedure.
- Perform procedure/treatment.
- Provide emotional support throughout treatment.
- Ensure proper equipment function throughout treatment.
- Apply appropriate post-treatment topical preparations, dressings or garments.
- Post- Treatment
- Document treatment.
- Dispose medical waste appropriately: sharps, laundry, supplies.
- Determine follow-up care/retreatment (optimal timing).
- Encourage patient to express feelings about changes in temporary and long-term appearance (positive and negative).
- Refer patient experiencing serious adverse effects that require medical intervention to appropriate provider.
- Pre-Treatment
- Provide instructions and patient educational materials.
- Specific Products
- Brochures
- Medication guides
- CDs or DVDs
- Specific Procedures
- Restrictions prior to procedure
- Preparation(products, medications) for procedure
- Combination therapy
- Explain the treatment process (e.g., neurotoxin: delayed onset)
- Dispel misconceptions
- Post-Treatment
- Provide instructions and explain restrictions for care following treatment.
- Explain difference between expected normal treatment response versus adverse events or complications.
- Discuss measures to maintain optimal post-treatment results
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug