Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : SC-900
Exam Name : Microsoft Security, Compliance, and Identity Fundamentals
Vendor Name : Microsoft
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Exam Number: exam SC-900

Exam Name : Microsoft Security, Compliance, and Identity Fundamentals



Exam TOPICS



The content of this exam was updated on July 26, 2021. Please download the exam skills outline below to see what changed.

Describe the concepts of security, compliance, and identity (10-15%)

Describe the capabilities of Microsoft identity and access management solutions (30-35%)

Describe the capabilities of Microsoft security solutions (35-40%)

Describe the capabilities of Microsoft compliance solutions (25-30%)



Describe the Concepts of Security, Compliance, and Identity (10-15%)

Describe security and compliance concepts & methodologies

 describe the Zero-Trust methodology

 describe the shared responsibility model

 define defense in depth

 describe common threats

 describe encryption

 describe cloud adoption framework

Define identity concepts

 define identity as the primary security perimeter

 define authentication

 define authorization

 describe what identity providers are

 describe what Active Directory is

 describe the concept of Federated services

 define common Identity Attacks

Describe the capabilities of Microsoft Identity and Access Management

Solutions (30-35%)

Describe the basic identity services and identity types of Azure AD

 describe what Azure Active Directory is

 describe Azure AD identities (users, devices, groups, service principals/applications)

 describe what hybrid identity is

 describe the different external identity types (Guest Users)

Describe the authentication capabilities of Azure AD

 describe the different authentication methods

 describe self-service password reset

 describe password protection and management capabilities

 describe Multi-factor Authentication

 describe Windows Hello for Business

Describe access management capabilities of Azure AD

 describe what conditional access is

 describe uses and benefits of conditional access

 describe the benefits of Azure AD roles

Describe the identity protection & governance capabilities of Azure AD

 describe what identity governance is

 describe what entitlement management and access reviews is

 describe the capabilities of PIM

 describe Azure AD Identity Protection

Describe the capabilities of Microsoft Security Solutions (35-40%)

Describe basic security capabilities in Azure

 describe Azure Network Security groups

 describe Azure DDoS protection

 describe what Azure Firewall is

 describe what Azure Bastion is

 describe what Web Application Firewall is

 describe ways Azure encrypts data

Describe security management capabilities of Azure

 describe the Azure Security center

 describe Azure Secure score

 describe the benefit and use cases of Azure Defender - previously the cloud workload

protection platform (CWPP)

 describe Cloud security posture management (CSPM)

 describe security baselines for Azure

Describe security capabilities of Azure Sentinel

 define the concepts of SIEM, SOAR, XDR

 describe the role and value of Azure Sentinel to provide integrated threat protection

Describe threat protection with Microsoft 365 Defender

 describe Microsoft 365 Defender services

 describe Microsoft Defender for Identity (formerly Azure ATP)

 describe Microsoft Defender for Office 365 (formerly Office 365 ATP)

 describe Microsoft Defender for Endpoint (formerly Microsoft Defender ATP)

 describe Microsoft Cloud App Security

Describe security management capabilities of Microsoft 365

 describe the Microsoft 365 Defender portal

 describe how to use Microsoft Secure Score

 describe security reports and dashboards

 describe incidents and incident management capabilities

Describe endpoint security with Microsoft Intune

 describe what Intune is

 describe endpoint security with Intune

 describe the endpoint security with the Microsoft Endpoint Manager admin center

Describe the Capabilities of Microsoft Compliance Solutions (25-30%)

Describe the compliance management capabilities in Microsoft

 describe the offerings of the Service Trust portal

 describe Microsofts privacy principles

 describe the compliance center

 describe compliance manager

 describe use and benefits of compliance score

Describe information protection and governance capabilities of Microsoft 365

 describe data classification capabilities

 describe the value of content and activity explorer

 describe sensitivity labels

 describe Retention Polices and Retention Labels

 describe Records Management

 describe Data Loss Prevention

Describe insider risk capabilities in Microsoft 365

 describe Insider risk management solution

 describe communication compliance

 describe information barriers

 describe privileged access management

 describe customer lockbox

Describe the eDiscovery and audit capabilities of Microsoft 365

 describe the purpose of eDiscovery

 describe the capabilities of the content search tool

 describe the core eDiscovery workflow

 describe the advanced eDiscovery workflow

 describe the core audit capabilities of M365

 describe purpose and value of Advanced Auditing

Describe resource governance capabilities in Azure

 describe the use of Azure Resource locks

 describe what Azure Blueprints is

 define Azure Policy and describe its use cases



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug